What does this peptide actually do?

5-amino-1-methylquinolinium · 5A1MQ

Not a peptide but a small molecule that blocks the enzyme NNMT; studied in mice only, never in a human trial.

Tymlos · Eladynos

Synthetic PTHrP(1-34) analogue, a daily 80 mcg injection that builds bone in osteoporosis.

ramatercept · ActRIIB-Fc

A myostatin-trapping receptor fusion protein whose clinical development was stopped for vascular bleeding events.

Ac-KGHK-NH2 · Component of Capixyl

Topical tetrapeptide used mainly in hair and scalp products, marketed for follicle anchoring and matrix support.

Eyeseryl · Ac-Ala-His-Ser-His-NH2

The dominant 'eye bag' cosmetic peptide; its evidence is one manufacturer trial of about twenty people.

Adamax peptide

A peptide sold to the nootropic market whose identity cannot be established from any non-vendor source.

FTPP · prohibitin-targeting peptide

Preclinical peptide that kills fat-tissue blood vessels; caused kidney damage in monkeys.

Melanotan-1 · Melanotan I

Approved alpha-MSH analogue implant for light-induced pain in erythropoietic protoporphyria.

5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide · 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside

Not a peptide but an AMPK-activating nucleoside sold as an 'exercise mimetic'; banned by WADA, unproven in people.

Zenagamtide · NNC0487-0111

Investigational single-molecule GLP-1 and amylin receptor agonist, in oral and injectable forms.

ONO-7643 · RC-1291

Oral ghrelin receptor agonist for cancer cachexia: approved in Japan, refused by the EMA.

hGH fragment 176-191 · AOD9604

Growth hormone fragment said to stimulate lipolysis, but human studies showed no weight loss.

AOD-9604 / CJC-1295 / Ipamorelin blend · fat-loss GH stack

Fat-loss fragment stacked with a GHRH analogue and a GHRP; the trio has no combination study.

cibinetide · helix B surface peptide

Non-erythropoietic EPO-derived 11-peptide that repairs small nerve fibres; development halted after phase 2.

Acetyl hexapeptide-8 · Acetyl hexapeptide-3

Topical hexapeptide that inhibits SNARE complex formation and is said to soften expression lines.

Body Protection Compound 157 · PL 14736

Synthetic pentadecapeptide that speeds tissue repair in animal studies; human efficacy is unproven.

BPC-157/TB-500 blend · BPC-157 & TB-500 recovery blend

BPC-157 and TB-500 co-packed as the standard recovery blend; the combination itself has never been studied.

Ladasten · Bromantan

Not a peptide but a Russian adamantane stimulant, sold beside Semax and Selank on Russian-only trial data.

AEDL peptide · Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu

Tetrapeptide from the Russian bioregulator programme, studied in rat lung models with no human evidence.

AM833 · NNC0174-0833

Long-acting amylin analogue that enhances satiety, studied alone and with semaglutide.

cagrilintide/semaglutide · cagrilintide-semaglutide

Fixed-dose combination of the amylin analogue cagrilintide with semaglutide; filed with the FDA, not approved.

salmon calcitonin · salcatonin

Thyroid C-cell hormone; the salmon version is used short-term for hypercalcaemia and Paget disease.

Beta-alanyl-L-histidine · L-carnosine

Endogenous dipeptide used topically against glycation and taken orally, where serum carnosinase destroys most of it.

AED peptide · Ala-Glu-Asp

Tripeptide from the Russian bioregulator programme, marketed for cartilage with no human evidence.

FPF-1070

Peptide preparation from porcine brain, registered in several countries for stroke and dementia.

Cerluten Cytomax · brain peptide complex capsule

Bovine brain extract capsule from the Khavinson Cytomax line, with no published study under that name.

Cetrotide · cetrorelix acetate

GnRH antagonist used in IVF: blocks the receptor immediately, suppressing LH without the flare seen with agonists.

Chonluten T-34 · T-34

Khavinson tripeptide marketed as a lung and bronchial bioregulator, with essentially no clinical evidence.

CJC-1295 (no-DAC) / GHRP-2 blend · Mod GRF 1-29 + GHRP-2

A GHRH analogue and GHRP-2 in one vial for pulsatile GH release; the pairing itself is unstudied.

CJC/Ipa · CJC-1295 no-DAC + Ipamorelin

GHRH analogue plus ghrelin receptor agonist: the one common blend with a real rationale, still unstudied as a blend.

CJC-1295 DAC · DAC:GRF

Long-acting GHRH analogue that binds albumin and raises GH release for 6 to 8 days per injection.

hydrolysed collagen · collagen hydrolysate

Hydrolysed collagen taken orally; real randomised evidence for joint pain, contested evidence for skin.

AEDP peptide · Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro

Khavinson tetrapeptide derived from the amino acid profile of Cortexin, with no independent evidence.

Korteksin · bovine cerebral cortex polypeptide complex

Undefined polypeptide extract of bovine brain cortex, registered in Russia and injected for cognitive complaints.

PF-06882961

Not a peptide: Pfizer's oral small-molecule GLP-1 agonist, discontinued in 2025 after a liver injury case.

Zegalogue · ZP4207

Ready-to-use glucagon analogue in an autoinjector for severe hypoglycaemia, with no reconstitution step.

NAP · AL-108

Eight-residue ADNP fragment that failed a large phase 2/3 trial in progressive supranuclear palsy.

DCN · PG-S2

An endogenous proteoglycan, not a peptide, studied as an anti-fibrotic TGF-beta trap - almost entirely in animals.

Firmagon · FE200486

GnRH receptor antagonist for prostate cancer: castrate testosterone within days, with no agonist flare.

DDAVP · 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin

Synthetic vasopressin analogue used for central diabetes insipidus, bedwetting and mild bleeding disorders.

PNB-0408 · N-hexanoyl-Tyr-Ile-(6)aminohexanamide

Preclinical angiotensin IV derivative whose core evidence was retracted in 2025 for data falsification.

Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide · delta sleep-inducing peptide

1974 nonapeptide proposed as a sleep factor, but its sleep effects in humans are inconsistent.

Trulicity · LY2189265

Once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist for type 2 diabetes with proven cardiovascular benefit.

XW003

Once-weekly cAMP-biased GLP-1 receptor agonist, approved in China for obesity and diabetes.

LY3841136

Investigational once-weekly selective amylin receptor agonist for obesity, now in phase 3.

Endoluten Cytomax · pineal peptide complex capsule

Bovine pineal extract capsule from the Khavinson Cytomax line, with no published study under that name.

Ostarine · MK-2866

Not a peptide but an oral non-steroidal SARM: heavily trialled, never approved, and a leading doping finding.

Epithalon · Epithalone

Synthetic tetrapeptide from Russian bioregulator research, with contested claims about telomerase and lifespan.

Epithalamin · Epitalamin

Bovine pineal gland extract from the Khavinson programme and the source material from which Epitalon was derived.

Byetta · Bydureon

First-generation GLP-1 receptor agonist for type 2 diabetes, largely withdrawn from the market.

FGL · FGLL

NCAM-derived FGFR1 agonist peptide with substantial rodent data and no demonstrated clinical benefit.

FST-344 · FS-344

A 344-residue follistatin precursor protein that binds myostatin and activin; sold as an injectable with no human data.

FOXO4 D-Retro-Inverso peptide · FOXO4-p53 interfering peptide

Experimental senolytic peptide from a 2017 mouse study, sold to consumers despite zero human safety data.

Ganirelix acetate · Fyremadel

GnRH antagonist supplied ready-to-use, given daily during IVF stimulation to prevent a premature LH surge.

Growth Differentiation Factor 11 · GDF11

TGF-beta family protein at the centre of an unresolved scientific dispute about whether it rejuvenates or harms tissue.

glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine · Gly-His-Lys

The copper-free tripeptide itself; in the body it binds copper and largely becomes GHK-Cu.

copper peptide · Cu-GHK

Endogenous copper tripeptide, established as a cosmetic ingredient and used as a non-approved injection.

growth hormone-releasing peptide-1 · GHRP1

The least-studied member of the GHRP family; a few small human studies, no development beyond them.

Pralmorelin · Pralmoreline hydrochloride

Ghrelin receptor agonist with strong GH release, but also raises cortisol, prolactin and appetite.

Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-6 · SKF-110679

The first GHRP: ghrelin receptor agonist with marked hunger and a rise in cortisol and prolactin.

GLOW blend · Glow Protocol

Seller-invented mixture of GHK-Cu, BPC-157 and TB-500; no study has ever been published on it as a blend.

GlucaGen · GlucaGen HypoKit

Pancreatic alpha-cell hormone used as an emergency treatment for severe hypoglycaemia.

GSH · L-glutathione

Not a peptide drug but an endogenous tripeptide: the principal intracellular antioxidant.

Gonadorelin · GnRH

Synthetic and identical to endogenous GnRH; registered for diagnostics of the pituitary-gonadal axis.

Human chorionic gonadotropin · Chorionic gonadotrophin

Placental hormone acting on the LH receptor; licensed for fertility, used off-label alongside testosterone.

Examorelin · EP-23905

Potent ghrelin receptor agonist with cardiac effects via CD36, but rapid desensitisation and raised cortisol.

HGH Frag 176-191 · growth hormone fragment 176-191

C-terminal fragment of growth hormone sold for fat loss, with essentially no human evidence.

Human menopausal gonadotropin · Menotropin

Menotropin: FSH and LH activity purified from postmenopausal urine, an approved IVF drug used off-label in men.

Humanin · HN

Mitochondrially encoded 24-amino-acid peptide that inhibits cell death; studied as a marker, not a drug.

des(1-3)IGF-1 · DES(1-3)IGF-I

A naturally occurring truncated IGF-1 that escapes its binding proteins; no human studies exist.

Long R3 IGF-1 · LR3-IGF-1

Cell culture reagent and IGF-1 analogue with a real hypoglycaemia risk; not studied in humans.

human insulin · insulin lispro (Humalog)

The archetypal therapeutic peptide: the glucose-lowering pancreatic hormone and its engineered analogues.

NNC 26-0161 · Ipamorelin acetate

Selective ghrelin receptor agonist (GHRP) that releases growth hormone without raising cortisol or prolactin.

Kisspeptin-10 · KP-10

Decapeptide that drives GnRH release via the KISS1R receptor and can thereby raise LH and testosterone.

alpha-Klotho · α-Klotho

A large longevity-associated membrane protein with strong biology and no consumer product that plausibly delivers it.

KLOW blend · GLOW + KPV

GLOW with KPV added: a four-peptide vendor mixture with no published research on it as a mixture.

lysine-proline-valine · alpha-MSH (11-13)

Anti-inflammatory tripeptide from alpha-MSH; the evidence is entirely preclinical, with no human studies.

BPC-157/KPV blend · gut blend

Two unapproved gut peptides sold as one product; the mixture is unstudied and the route undercuts it.

Levocarnitine · Carnitine

Not a peptide but an amino-acid derivative; an approved drug for carnitine deficiency, sold unproven for fat loss.

Lf · LTF

An iron-binding milk protein sold as an oral supplement, with real randomised trial data and genuinely mixed results.

lanreotide acetate · BIM 23014

Depot somatostatin analogue for acromegaly and neuroendocrine tumours, injected once every four weeks.

larazotide acetate · AT-1001

Oral octapeptide that closes tight junctions in the gut; phase 3 in coeliac disease halted for futility.

Pentapeptide-18 · Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-Leu

Topical enkephalin-analogue pentapeptide marketed for expression lines; almost no independent research exists.

Leuprorelin · Lupron

The most widely used GnRH agonist: flare then profound suppression, given as depots lasting one to six months.

Victoza · Saxenda

Daily GLP-1 receptor agonist for type 2 diabetes and weight management.

KEDA peptide · Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala

Khavinson tetrapeptide presented as a liver bioregulator, with chromatin claims from a single group.

human cathelicidin · hCAP-18/LL-37

Endogenous antimicrobial peptide; the phase 2b trial in leg ulcers missed its primary endpoint.

Skytrofa · lonapegsomatropin-tcgd

Weekly PEG prodrug of growth hormone: the linker cleaves itself and releases unmodified somatropin.

AEZS-130 · EP-01572

Oral ghrelin receptor agonist approved as a single-dose diagnostic test for adult GH deficiency.

MariTide · AMG 133

Investigational monthly antibody-peptide conjugate: GLP-1 receptor agonist plus GIP receptor antagonist.

Palmitoyl pentapeptide-4 · Pal-KTTKS

Topical matrikine peptide with a fatty acid tail said to stimulate collagen and extracellular matrix.

Palmitoyl tripeptide-1 + palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7 · Pal-GHK + Pal-GQPR

Trade-name blend of two palmitoylated matrikine peptides used topically for wrinkles and skin firmness.

IBI362 · LY3305677

Dual GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, approved in China for weight management and diabetes.

Melanotan-2 · MT-II

Unapproved melanocortin agonist that tans the skin; reports of melanoma and systemic toxicity.

Myalept · Myalepta

Recombinant leptin analogue used as hormone replacement in lipodystrophy, not for common obesity.

mechano growth factor · IGF-1Ec

The 24-amino-acid E-domain of a mechanically induced IGF-1 splice variant; its muscle effects failed replication.

Ibutamoren · Ibutamoren mesylate

Not a peptide but an orally active ghrelin receptor agonist raising GH and IGF-1 around the clock.

CJC-1295 without DAC · CJC-1295 no-DAC

Short-acting GHRH analogue: modified sermorelin triggering a single GH pulse without albumin binding.

Mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA type-c · MOTSc

Mitochondrially encoded peptide that regulates metabolism via AMPK; studied almost entirely preclinically.

NA-Selank-Amidate · NASA (Selank)

Doubly modified Selank analogue sold by research-chemical vendors, with no published pharmacology of its own.

NA-Semax-Amidate · NASA

Doubly modified Semax analogue sold by research-chemical vendors, with no published pharmacology of its own.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide · NAD

Not a peptide but a coenzyme: central to energy metabolism, popular as an infusion on strikingly thin evidence.

Synarel · nafarelin acetate

GnRH agonist given as a nasal spray for endometriosis and central precocious puberty; flare first, then suppression.

Neuroxelin blend · Neuroxelin 48 mg

Vendor-named cognitive injectable sold as a 48 mg vial; its actual peptide composition is not disclosed anywhere.

NR · Niagen

Not a peptide but a vitamin B3 form: an oral NAD+ precursor, well studied, with modest clinical results.

Nicotinamide mononucleotide · beta-nicotinamide mononucleotide

Not a peptide but a nucleotide: an oral NAD+ precursor that reliably raises NAD+ and reliably little else.

Omberacetam · GVS-111

Not a peptide therapeutic but a small dipeptide-derived synthetic drug, registered in Russia as a nootropic.

SMS 201-995 · Sandostatin

Long-acting somatostatin analogue that suppresses growth hormone; standard medical therapy for acromegaly.

Foundayo · LY3502970

Not a peptide: an oral small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist, approved for weight management.

EDL peptide (supplier-stated) · Glu-Asp-Leu (supplier-stated)

Khavinson bioregulator sold for liver support; the marketed product is a synthetic peptide, not a liver extract.

OXM · glucagon-37

Gut hormone acting on both GLP-1 and glucagon receptors, the model for today's dual agonists.

Syntocinon · Pitocin

Registered obstetric hormone; the popular intranasal use for social behaviour is largely experimental.

P021 · Ac-DGGL(adamantyl-Gly)-NH2

Preclinical CNTF-derived peptide, studied in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease.

Pal-GQPR · Rigin

Anti-inflammatory cosmetic peptide; the second half of Matrixyl 3000, with no evidence of its own.

Pal-GHK · Palmitoyl oligopeptide (older INCI name)

Topical fatty-acid-tailed version of the matrikine GHK, used to signal collagen synthesis in the dermis.

SYN-COLL · Syn-Coll

Cosmetic peptide claimed to activate TGF-beta and build collagen; no published clinical trial exists.

Signifor · Signifor LAR

Second-generation somatostatin analogue for Cushing's disease and acromegaly, with a strong hyperglycaemia signal.

Polydeoxyribonucleotide · Polynucleotides

Fish-derived DNA fragment mixture injected into skin for rejuvenation — a nucleotide product, not a peptide.

PE22-28 · mini-spadin

Spadin-derived heptapeptide, a TREK-1 potassium-channel blocker with antidepressant effects in rodents only.

pegylated mechano growth factor · PEGylated IGF-1Ec E-peptide

MGF with a polyethylene glycol chain attached; the long half-life it is sold on has never been measured.

B2036-PEG · Somavert

Growth hormone receptor antagonist for acromegaly: it blocks GH action rather than GH secretion.

ALT-801

Investigational balanced GLP-1/glucagon dual agonist studied in MASH and obesity.

PDA · pentadecapeptide arginate

BPC-157 supplied as an arginine salt; the peptide is identical and no study has ever tested the salt.

Vialox · Pentapeptide-3V

Topical peptide modelled on temple viper venom, claimed to block the muscle acetylcholine receptor.

ZP8396

Investigational once-weekly amylin analogue for weight management, without a GLP-1 component.

Phenotropil · Carphedon

Not a peptide but a piracetam derivative; banned in competition, with clinical data almost only from Russia.

EDR peptide · glutamyl-aspartyl-arginine

Tripeptide from the Russian bioregulator programme, neuroprotective claims without independent evidence.

p53-derived anticancer peptide PNC-27 · PNC27

Synthetic p53-HDM-2 fusion peptide that lyses cancer-cell membranes in the lab; no human trials, sold to patients.

Symlin · SymlinPen

Synthetic amylin analogue injected with meals as an add-on to insulin in diabetes.

KEDP peptide · Lys-Glu-Asp-Pro

Khavinson synthetic tetrapeptide marketed for the prostate; chromatin claims from a single research group.

Bremelanotide · Vyleesi

Melanocortin receptor agonist, approved in the US for low sexual desire in premenopausal women.

Protein Transduction Domain-Dishevelled Binding Motif · CXXC5-Dvl inhibitor peptide

Cell-penetrating peptide for hair regrowth via CXXC5-Dishevelled disruption; one mouse study, no human data.

Peptide YY 3-36 · PYY3-36

Gut satiety hormone whose anti-obesity development has been repeatedly defeated by nausea.

Reta · LY3437943

Experimental triple agonist of the GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptors for obesity.

TP-7 · Selanc

Tuftsin analogue registered in Russia, used for generalised anxiety disorder and neurasthenia.

Ozempic · Wegovy

Long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist, registered for type 2 diabetes and weight management.

ACTH(4-7)-PGP · (Pro8,Gly9,Pro10)ACTH-(4-10)

Russian-registered heptapeptide derived from ACTH, studied in stroke and cognitive complaints.

GHRH (1-29) · GRF 1-29

The active 1-29 fragment of GHRH; once FDA-approved, withdrawn in 2008 for commercial reasons.

Sermorelin/GHRP-2 blend · Serm/GHRP-2

A withdrawn GHRH medicine pre-mixed with a Japanese diagnostic peptide; sound class rationale, no study of the mixture.

Imcivree · RM-493

MC4 receptor agonist approved for rare genetic obesity caused by defects upstream of MC4R.

Oligopeptide-1 · rhEGF

Recombinant human EGF sold in topical skincare; the evidence and the criticism of it are both substantial.

SR9861 · ERR pan-agonist 332

Not a peptide but a small-molecule ERR agonist marketed as an 'exercise mimetic'; rodent data only.

Acetyl octapeptide-3 · Acetyl glutamyl heptapeptide-1

Topical octapeptide, an extended argireline variant aimed at inhibiting SNARE complex formation.

Sogroya · somapacitan-beco

Albumin-binding growth hormone analogue injected once weekly instead of daily somatropin.

somatotropin release-inhibiting factor · SRIF

The body's own inhibitory brake on growth hormone release, and the template for octreotide and lanreotide.

Ngenla · somatrogon-ghla

Weekly growth hormone fused to three hCG C-terminal peptides, for growth hormone deficiency in children.

recombinant human growth hormone · rhGH

Recombinant human growth hormone itself: a prescription medicine for growth hormone deficiency.

Elamipretide · MTP-131

Mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide binding cardiolipin; US-approved for Barth syndrome since 2025.

BI 456906

Experimental dual glucagon and GLP-1 receptor agonist for obesity and MASH.

Dipeptide diaminobutyroyl benzylamide diacetate · Syn-Ake

Topical synthetic mimic of a snake venom peptide, intended to block muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

Ac-LKKTETQ · thymosin beta-4 fragment 17-23

Seven-amino-acid fragment of thymosin beta-4; the clinical evidence concerns the full protein, not this.

Gattex · Revestive

DPP-4-resistant GLP-2 analogue that grows intestinal mucosa in short bowel syndrome.

Forteo · Forsteo

Recombinant parathyroid hormone fragment (1-34), a daily injection that builds new bone in osteoporosis.

TH9507 · Egrifta

FDA-approved GHRH analogue that reduces visceral abdominal fat in HIV-associated lipodystrophy.

Tesa/Ipa · 2X blend

An approved HIV lipodystrophy drug pre-mixed with an unapproved secretagogue; the mixture has never been studied.

NS-2330 · NS 2330

Not a peptide: an oral triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor studied for obesity, approved by no regulator.

KEDG peptide · Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly

Khavinson synthetic tetrapeptide (KEDG) marketed as a male-reproductive bioregulator; essentially unstudied.

Timalin · thymus polypeptide extract

Bovine thymus extract from the Russian bioregulator programme, with mortality claims the evidence cannot carry.

Timogen · Glu-Trp

Synthetic thymic dipeptide registered in Russia; the same molecule failed Western cancer trials as oglufanide.

TP-5 · TP5

Synthetic pentapeptide fragment of thymopoietin, marketed as a prescription immunomodulator in several countries.

Thymalfasin · Tα1

Synthetic 28-amino-acid thymus peptide, registered in dozens of countries for chronic hepatitis B and C.

TB4 · Tbeta-4

Endogenous 43-amino-acid actin-sequestering protein; the compound behind almost all TB-500 marketing claims.

Facteur Thymique Sérique · FTS

Zinc-dependent nine-amino-acid thymic hormone; well-described physiology, almost no modern clinical research.

Mounjaro · Zepbound

Dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist, registered for type 2 diabetes and weight management.

Tri-Heal blend · Tri-Heal Max

TB-500, BPC-157 and KPV co-packed as a healing blend; the three-way combination has never been studied.

Trelstar · Decapeptyl

Long-acting GnRH agonist: an initial hormone flare followed by sustained suppression of testosterone or oestradiol.

Arginine vasopressin · AVP

The body's own antidiuretic hormone, used in intensive care as an intravenous vasopressor in shock.

Ventfort Cytomax · vessel peptide complex capsule

Calf blood-vessel extract capsule from the Khavinson Cytomax line, with no published study by that name.

KED peptide · Lys-Glu-Asp

Khavinson tripeptide presented as a vascular bioregulator, studied almost entirely by its originators.

KE peptide · Lys-Glu

Dipeptide from the Russian bioregulator programme, presented as a thymus and immune agent without independent evidence.

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide · Aviptadil

Endogenous 28-amino-acid neuropeptide; intranasally known mainly from Shoemaker's CIRS protocol.

VK-2735

Investigational dual GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonist in phase 3, in weekly injectable and daily oral forms.

Vladonix Cytomax · thymus peptide complex capsule

Calf thymus extract capsule from the Khavinson Cytomax line; not the injectable Thymalin, and unstudied.

Zn-thymulin · ZT

Zinc-complexed thymic nonapeptide sprayed on the scalp for hair loss; one small open-label pilot.